Hi madej .-
here the basic knowledge about the different Silver Artels in Russia. It is time to start reading some books! It is easier to ask the guys from the Forum - but sooner or later nobody is willing to answer your foolish questions anymore!
The artels in Imperial Russia were semi formal co-operatives in different fields like agriculture, fishing, mining, timber industry and gold/silver smithing. Nowadays they are all forgotten except for the gold/silver artels due to the fine objects they produced and still exsists.
An artel is a factory but the opposite of mass production. It produced unique objects or pieces of art of very high quality. An artel could not have less than 5 owners/attendants. However, you were allowed to hire more people but only for a short limited period. An artel had its own rules and you were obliged to obey them. Everyone working there was collectively liable for all the operations in the artel. You could work in an artel from the age of 17on.
Silver Artel Moskow

an other napkin ring from the 5th Artel


in the left corner importmark France!
Regards
Goldstein